GNOCCA

最近弄了一堆中翻英，正式文字比口語困難太多了
光連接詞，幾乎就快把我KO了...以下copy網站的用法教學
內容非常多，我的高中英文到底怎麼混過的啊

◎In addition, In addition to

1. in addition 此外，另外，还有。如：

I met some friends and other people in addition.
我遇到了几位朋友，还遇到了其它一些人。

You need money and time, in addition, you need diligence.
你需要金钱和时间，此外你还需要努力。

2. in addition to 除……之外。如：

We play football in addition to basketball.
除了篮球外，我们还踢足球。

In addition to English, he has to study a second foreign language.
除英语外，他还得学第二外语。

In addition to the overcoat you asked for, I bought you a shirt.
除了你要的上衣外，我还给你买了件衬衫。

注：in addition to 中的to为介词，所以后接动词作宾语时要用动名词。如：

In addition to giving me some advice, he gave me some money.
他不仅给我提了些忠告，而且还给了我一些钱。

另外，当主语后跟有in addition to引出的介词短语时，谓语动词仍与其前的主语保持一致。如：

The teacher, in addition to his students, was interested in the book.
老师和他的学生都对这本书感兴趣。

<↑轉載自http://www.nmet168.com/Article/200807/1808.html >


◎Besides, apart from, aside from, except (for), in addition to

Besides 的意思是「除…之外還有」，亦即將其後的人事物「包括在內」

Five of us passed the exam besides John.
除了約翰通過考試之外，我們還有五人通過

Except (for) 的意思是「不包括…在內」，亦即「除去…」

All of us passed the exam except John.
除約翰外，我們都通過考試

In addition to 除了在少數情況中不能與 besides 互換外，其他大多數情況都與 besides 等量齊觀

Milk, in addition to (= besides) fruit juices, is the best drink for children.
除果汁外，牛奶也是兒童的最佳飲料

Apart from 和 aside from 則兼具 besides 和 except (for) 的意思，所以必須從上下文來判斷它們真正的意思

Apart/Aside from the new freshmen, all the students were there.
除新生外，所有學生都在那裡 (在此 apart/aside from = except for)

Apart/aside from being too large, it just doesn’t suit me.
除了太大之外，它也不適合我 (在此 apart/aside from = besides)


值得一提的是，apart from 在美式英語和英式英語都是標準用法，
而 aside from 主要是美國的用法，且以「不包括在內」的意思比較常見。

<↑轉載自http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/?p=3060>


◎Besides, Beside, Except, Except for


beside 意指“在...旁边”, 如: beside the river在河边所以這個只是單字會讓人混亂

Besides
adv. 此外
prep. 除...之外

besides 指“除……外, 另外还有”, 着重“另外还有”, 如:

I have five other books besides this.
除这本以外, 我还有五本别的书。

Besides English, he has to study German.
除了英语, 他还要学德语。

Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables.
除了牛奶和干酪外，我们还需要蔬菜。

People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.
人们选择工作除了金钱之外还有其它原因。


besides 除了……之外(不再有)

He has no money beside this.
他除此之外没有钱了。

We have no other dictionaries besides these.
除了这些辞典外, 我们没有别的辞典了。

He had few friends besides us.
除我们之外他没有什么朋友。


besides 和 except 的区别
在肯定句 besides 和 except 含义相反
besides 表示“除了……之外，还有……”，
except 表示“除了没有……之外”。


Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables.
除了牛奶和干酪外，我们还需要蔬菜。

I looked everywhere except there.
我看了每一个地方，就没看那个地方。


在否定句 besides 和 except 含义相同

No one passed except Richard.
= No one passed besides Richard.
除了理查德之外，再也没有人通过。

besides 作副词：

I need the money. And besides, when I agree to do something, I do it.
我需要那笔钱，而且，当我答应做某事，我就得做。

I don't want to come out now, and besides, I must work.
我现在不想出去，而且我还得工作。


besides 的后面偶尔接不带 to 的不定式

That afternoon I had nothing to do besides answer letters.
那天下午我除了回了几封信之外，无所事事。


besides 的后面偶尔接 that 从句

Besides that he explained the theory, he gave us several examples.
他除了给我们解释理论之外，还给我们举了好几个例子。

<↑轉載自http://xzf.2000y.net/mb/1/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=481109>


except 及 besides 的用法

中文的「除此之外」在英文分為2種，一種是「包含在內」，一種是「排除在外」

Everyone was happy except John.
大家都很爽，除了John之外(John不爽→排除！)

Everyone was happy besides John.
除了John之外，大家也都很爽(John很爽，大家也爽→包含)


包含在內的有：besides, in addition to, aside from, apart from, other than

排除在外的有：except, except for, aside from, apart from, other than


因此得到2個結論：


1.我們發現aside from, apart from, other than在兩種文意都重複，因此考試不會考，因為考了也考不出來你到底會不會，因為怎麼選都對嘛～

2.except到底要不要加for，很多老師會跟你說for加不加都可以，這是一定錯誤的說法


ex: Andy is a perfect man ________ his impatience!

(A)besides (B) beside (C) except (D) except for


答案是(D)，因為Andy和impatience不同類

<↑轉載自http://www.wretch.cc/blog/andythegod/23548015>



◎Except, Except for, Excepting

一、 except用于表示同类事物之间的关系，其意为"除……以外"、"除去"。
except后面可接名词、代词、动词、副词、介词短语和从句等。如：

We have an English lesson every day except Sunday.
除星期天外，我们每天有一堂英语课。(接名词)

They all went to the park last Sunday except him.
除了他以外，上星期天他们都去公园了。(接代词)

Every day Mary does nothing except watch TV.
每天玛丽除了看电视以外什么都不干。
(except后接动词时，一般为带to的动词不定式。但如果except前面有谓语动词do或其相应形式时，后面通常接省略to的动词不定式。如此句。)

He always goes to work by bike except recently.
除最近外，他一般都骑自行车上班。(接副词)

After breakfast the students went nowhere except to school.
吃完早餐，学生们除了上学就不到别处去了。(接介词短语)

My father usually goes to work by bike except when it rains.
除下雨天外，我爸爸通常骑自行车上班。(接从句)


2. except常用在all, whole, any, every, no等词，及anything, anybody, anyone, everything, everybody, everyone等不定代词之后。如：

She ate everything on the plate except the carrots.
除胡萝卜外她把盘子里的东西都吃了。

I've cleaned all the rooms except the toilet.
除了厕所，我清扫了所有房间。


二、 except for用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定。它不表示同类事物之间的关系，其意思为：
1. "除了……以外"。如：

Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper.
史密斯除了脾气不好外，是个好人。

The movie was good except for the ending.
这部电影除了结尾之外都很好。

2. "除去为了……"。如：

Mother wouldn't give him any money except for books and stationery.
除了买书和文具外，妈妈不给他任何钱。

3. "如果不是"，"若非"。如：

Except for you, I would pass the exam.
如果不是你，我就会通过考试。
(可寫成Were it not for you I would pass the exam)

4. "except for+名词"结构一般可以改写成"except+that从句"。如：

This will do except for the length.
= This will do except that it is too long.
如果不是它太长的话，这会很好。

All are here except for the absence of Tina.
= All are here except that Tina is absent.
除了蒂娜以外，大家都在这里。


三、 except与except for的互换

1. except与except for有时可以通用，不过，一般情况下，except for可置于句首，而except则不能。如：

Everyone is here except Tom.
=Except for Tom everyone is here.
除汤姆外，大家都到了。

2. except与except for在句中也可互换。

一般来说，否定句中用except，肯定句式可以用except for来替换。如：

This article has no blunders except a few mistakes.
这篇文章除了一点小错外没有大错。
此句可改为：This article is instructive except for a few blunders.
这篇文章除了有些错误外，是有教育意义的。


不过，在前后有相称的同类词语时，应用except，否则用except for。如：

We come to school every day except Sunday.
除星期天外，我们天天上学。(句中every day与Sunday同类)

This dress is ready except for the buttons.
衣服做好了，只是钮扣未缝上。(句中ready与buttons不同类)

　　
四、 excepting是由动词转化而来的分词介词，用法较正式，含有较强的动态意味，意为"把……除外"，与except在用法上有不同之处：
1. 可用于句首，或用于not, without, always等词后；
2. 其后常常用名词或代词。如：

Bruce answered all the questions excepting the last one.
除了最后一个问题外，布鲁斯都答出来了。

Excepting Sundays, the library is open daily.
除了星期天外，图书馆天天开放。

I think we must keep improving our English not excepting those who have mastered it.
我认为我们必须不断提高我们的英语水平，对那些已掌握了英语的人也不例外。

All the people in my family go to work every day, always excepting my youngest sister.
我家所有的人每天都上班，除了我那个最小的妹妹以外。

---

用except, except for或excepting填空。

　　1. She usually goes to work on her bike ________ when it rains.

　　2. The whole staff, not ________ the heads of departments, went to the playground.

　　3. His account is correct ________ that some details are omitted (省略，遗漏).

　　4. The office is empty ________ Alice.

　　5. I would go ________ it's too late.

　　6. All the essays are good ________ John's.

　　7. Everybody must study, ________ those who have a better grasp of Marxism.

　　8. The wall was bare ________ a map of the world.

　　9. I have looked for my wallet everywhere ________ there.

　　10. I would join you ________ my headache.

　　11. We can ask him for some advice at any time ________ during his holidays.

　　12. His composition is good, ________ some spelling mistakes.

　　13. John wasn't remembered, ________ by some of us who had known him.

　　14. There was silence in the room, ________ the tick of the clock on the wall.

　　15. The pair of trousers fits me well ________ the waist of it is a little too small.

1. except 2. excepting 3. except 4. except for 5. except 6. except 7. excepting 8. except for 9. except 10. except for 11. except 12. except for 13. except 14. except for 15. except

<↑轉載自http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2004-10-25/26903.html>


◎Therefore，Thus ，hence，then，accordingly与So用法辨析

1、therefore adv.因此, 所以
=for that reason=consequently常用于连接两个并列分句，其前加and或；
等於consequently ／ thus 或者 hence

He was ill, and therefore could not come.
他病了, 所以未能来。

He has broken his leg and therefore he can't walk.
他摔坏了腿，因此不能走路了。

We do not have enough money. Therefore we cannot afford to buy the new car.
我们的钱不够,因此买不成这辆新车。

Your information is inaccurate and your conclusion is therefore wrong.
你的信息不准确，所以你的结论是错误的。



2、so
adv. 如此,如是,如...那样
conj. 所以,因此,所以

It was late, so we went home.
天晚了, 所以我们就回家去了。

He was sick, so they were quiet.
他病了，所以他们很安静。

You have pride and so have I.
你有自尊心，我也有。



3、hence adv.因此, 从此
等於thus 或者 therefore

It is very late; hence you must go to bed.
时间已经很晚了，因此你必须睡觉去。(记住前面是分号，而不是逗号)

Handmade and hence expensive.
手工制造，因此很贵

We have no chance to meet each other a week hence.
我们今后一星期没有见面的机会了。


4、then adv因此，於是；当时；然后

Go into the cave, then they won't see you.
躲进洞里去，那他们就看不到你了。

He took his hat and then left.
他拿起帽子，随即离开了。


5、accordingly adv.因此, 从而；所以；因此（偶作连词使用conj.）

He was asked to leave the city and accordingly he went.
有人叫他离开该城市,所以他就走了。

You may arrange accordingly.
你可以权宜处理。


consequently adv. 所以，因此；等於accordingly ／ therefore

Mr. Foster has never been to China. Consequently / Hence he knows very little about it.
福斯特先生从未去过中国,所以对中国了解得很少。

My car was broken down and consequently I was late. = in consequence

John was building a small house, but it was blown down in the storm. Consequently, he was back to square one and had to start all over again.
约翰正在建造一幢小房子，但是在暴风雨中房子被吹倒了。结果他又回到了原状，只得重新开始。

He had been ill for a long time and consequently he was behind in his work.
他病了很久，因此耽误了功课。



6、Thus adv.如此，像这样；因此；于是

He sold his farm and thus he had enough money for his journey.
他卖掉了农场，这样他就有足够的钱旅行了。

There has been no rain — thus, the crops are drying.
天没下雨，因此庄稼要枯死了。

It has been thus and will continue to be so.
事情一直是这样，并将继续这样下去。

The text runs thus.
原文如此。

<↑部分轉載自http://blog.onlycollege.com.cn/?uid-706-action-viewspace-itemid-3905>

◎Due to, Due

1.表示“到期的”、“应付(给)的”、“到期应付的”，通常只用作表语。如：

The bill is due.
这张票据已到期。

My salary is due tomorrow.
我明天领薪。

表示应付给或应给予某人，通常与介词 to 连用。如：

A great deal of money is due to you.
要付给你一大笔钱。

Respect is due to older people.
年长者应受到尊重。

Our grateful thanks are due to you.
我们衷心感谢你。


2.表示“预定的”、“约定的”、“预定要到达或发生的”，也通常用作表语。如：

When is the train due?
火车什么时候到?

I’m due for a pay rise soon.
我不久就要加薪了。

The guests are due to arrive very soon.
客人很快就会到。

The meeting isn’t due to start until four.
会议预定要到四点才召开。


3.表示“适当的”、“合适的”、“应得的”，通常只放在名词前作定语。如：

We should pay due attention to this problem.
我们应对这个问题给予适当的注意。

You must put these things in due order.
你必须把这些东西按适当的顺序放好。


4.用于 due to(由于，因为)。按照传统语法 due to 主要引导表语，一般不引导状语。如：

His absence was due to the storm.
他因暴风雨而缺席。

Her success was due to her hard work.
她成功是因为她努力工作。

但是在现代英语中，due to 也可用来引导状语。如：

He was late due to the very heavy traffic.
由于交通拥挤他迟到了。

※Due to has been widely used for many years as a compound preposition like owing to, but some critics have insisted that the adjectival status of due must be retained. According to this view, it is incorrect to say The concert was canceled due to the rain, as opposed to the acceptable The cancellation of the concert was due to the rain, where due continues to function as an adjective modifying cancellation.

--
Due to 的 用 法 ， 歷 來 議 論 甚 多 。 簡 而 言 之 ， 有 嚴 格 文 法 家 認 為 due to 不 是 介 系 詞 （ preposition ） 而 是 形 容 詞 （ adjective ） ， 應 用 在 名 詞 之 前 、 be 或 其 變 體 is 、 were 等 之 後 ， 例 如 不 應 說 Due to carelessness, he made many mistakes 而 應 說 His many mistakes were due to carelessness （ 他 不 小 心 ， 犯 了 很 多 錯 誤 ） 。 要 用 介 系 詞 起 句 ， 則 應 說 Owing to / Because of / On account of his carelessness, he made many mistakes 。

--
現今 due to 直接接在 "be" 動詞後面 (即用做形容詞) 的情況已不常見。較常見的是用做介系詞，due to 後面接受詞構成介系詞片語，在句中當修飾語：

There has been a slight falling off of sales in the past year, due to the recession.
Due to the Doppler effect, the sound is reflected back at a slightly different frequency.


過去，due to 這樣的用法被視為不正確。在這種情況中，你應該使用 owing to 或 because of 來取代 due to：

The figures released yesterday showed income down 57%, owing to a rise in the cost of borrowing.
Because of the freeze, more and more first-year students will need government loans.

↑結論是...文法是死的，人是活的，還是不要太在意= ="
<↑轉載自http://www.yywords.com/Article/200808/431.html, http://www.cybertranslator.idv.tw/wordwatch/wordwatch3.htm, and 香港壹蘋果>


◎As well as

As well as 可當附屬連接詞和介系詞用

當連接詞時，它是標準英語，意為「和…一樣」：
You know as well as I that he’s a fool.
你和我一樣都知道他是個笨蛋

Do your homework as well as you can.
盡你所能把家庭作業做好


當介系詞用時，意為「除…之外；而且，也，和」(in addition to)：

He received a new car, as well as several smaller gifts.
他收到一部新車和數個較小的禮物

然而，許多起初看似介系詞的用法其實是標準的附屬連接詞 (下句 as well as 後面沒有受詞)：

Visitors came from Canada and the United States, as well as from Europe and the Near East.
遊客來自加拿大和美國，而且也來自近東 – 近東通常指地中海東部沿岸地區，包括非洲東北部和亞洲西南部，有時還包括巴爾幹半島 (資料來源：大英百科)。

當 as well as 使句子的主詞變成複合主詞 – 所以要使用複數動詞 – 時，或者當 as well as 及其受詞被語調或逗點隔開，因此使第二部分成為不影響主動詞一致的插入語句時，這片語就會發生用法上的問題：

Their seven-foot center as well as their huge forwards were simply too tall for our average-sized players.
他們七呎高的中鋒以及人高馬大的前鋒對我們一般身材的球員來說簡直太高了

Their seven-foot center, as well as their huge forwards, was simply too tall for our average-sized players.
除了人高馬大的前鋒外，他們七呎高的中鋒對我們一般身材的球員來說簡直太高了

這兩種主動詞一致都是合乎語法的正規英語，但第二個例句顯然不得體 – 英文中，與 as well as 插入語句用法和意思相似的字詞還有 along with, together with 和 plus 等。或許比上面任何一個例句都要來得好的句子就是捨棄 as well as 而改採不同的寫法：

Their center was too tall, and so were [as were] their forwards.
他們的中鋒太高，而他們的前鋒也是。

請務必確定語調或標點符號能反映你所要表達的方式並據此確定主詞是單數還是複數。此外，當字面上的意思可能出現模稜兩可的情況時，as well as 也最好不用，如
Mark plays bowling as well as Peter.
這句可能意為「馬克和彼得都打保齡球」，但也可能意為「馬克和彼得的保齡球打得一樣好」。

<↑轉載自http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/?p=1761>
--

She takes private pupils as well as teaching in school.
她除在学校任教外, 也私自教授学生.

Nursing is a vocation as well as a profession.
护理工作既是职业又是救死扶伤的责任。

--
As well as + V-ing/ N., S + V （除…之外）
= Besides/ In addition to + V-ing/ N., S + V

As well as being used for taking photographs, X-rays are also used for treating diseased parts of the body.

What has he done, besides reading the paper?

He had other people to take care of besides me.



◎Not only....But also

Not only did the dog bark at him, but (it) bit him.
這隻狗不但對他吠叫，而且咬了他。

Not only is she beautiful, but she is (also) kind.
她不僅漂亮，而且善良。

Not only John but also Tom is a student.
(主詞看起來雖是有兩個人，但其實只算 but also 後的那一個，所以 be 用 is，且 students 改用 a student)

Not only the children but also their dog likes swimming.
(主詞只算 but also 後的 their dog，所以動詞 like 後面需加 s )

※前面的as well as，後面動詞是跟最前面的主詞跑